While Git is flexible enough to accommodate many workflows, following established best practices will help you avoid common pitfalls and work more efficiently. This section outlines recommended practices for commits, branching, collaboration, and repository management.

Commit Best Practices

Write Meaningful Commit Messages

Good commit messages are crucial for understanding the project's history. Follow these guidelines:

Use the imperative mood in the subject line:
- Good: "Add user authentication feature"
- Avoid: "Added user authentication feature" or "Adds user authentication feature"
Limit the subject line to 50 characters
Capitalize the subject line and don't end it with a period
Separate subject from body with a blank line

Use the body to explain what and why, not how:

Add password strength validation

Increases security by requiring minimum password complexity:
- At least 8 characters
- Mix of uppercase, lowercase, and numbers
- Special characters recommended but not required

Closes #45

Reference issues and pull requests where appropriate

Make Atomic Commits

Each commit should represent a single logical change:

Focus on a single task per commit
Don't mix unrelated changes in the same commit
Ensure the code works after each commit

Atomic commits make it easier to:

Understand the project history
Find bugs with git bisect
Cherry-pick specific changes
Revert changes without affecting other features

Commit Frequently

Commit small changes often rather than large changes infrequently:

Save your work frequently
Make small, focused commits rather than large, sweeping ones
Use private branches for work-in-progress commits

If you need to clean up your history before sharing it, you can use interactive rebase to squash related commits.

Don't Commit Generated Files

Avoid committing files that are generated or compiled:

Build artifacts
Compiled code
Dependencies (e.g., node_modules)
Log files
Environment-specific configuration

Instead:

Use .gitignore to exclude these files
Document how to generate them
Consider using Git LFS for large binary files when necessary

Branching Best Practices

Keep Branches Focused

Each branch should have a single, clear purpose:

Feature branches for new features
Bug fix branches for specific bugs
Refactoring branches for code improvements
Documentation branches for doc updates

Use Consistent Branch Naming

Adopt a consistent branch naming convention:

<type>/<description>

Examples:

feature/user-authentication
bugfix/login-error
hotfix/security-vulnerability
docs/api-documentation

This makes it easier to:

Identify branch purposes at a glance
Filter and search branches
Automate branch management

Keep Branches Short-Lived

Long-lived branches lead to integration problems:

Merge frequently back to the main branch
Keep feature scope small to finish branches quickly
Split large features into smaller, incremental branches

Regularly Update from Main

Keep your feature branches up-to-date with the main branch:

git checkout feature-branch
git pull --rebase origin main

This helps:

Detect conflicts early
Ensure your changes work with recent updates
Make eventual merges smoother

Workflow Best Practices

Pull Before You Push

Always integrate others' changes before sharing yours:

git pull origin main
# Resolve any conflicts
git push origin main

Review Code Before Merging

Use pull requests or code review tools to review changes before merging:

Verify functionality
Check code quality
Ensure tests pass
Look for security issues

Automate Testing

Set up continuous integration to test code automatically:

Run tests on every push
Check code style and linting
Measure test coverage
Scan for security vulnerabilities

Keep Main Branch Stable

The main branch should always be in a deployable state:

Never commit directly to main
Merge only through pull requests
Ensure all tests pass before merging
Fix broken builds immediately

Repository Management

Use a Good .gitignore File

A well-configured .gitignore file keeps your repository clean:

Use templates from GitHub's gitignore repository
Include language-specific patterns
Add IDE and OS-specific files
Exclude local configuration files
Ignore build artifacts and dependencies

Example for a Node.js project:

# Dependencies
node_modules/
npm-debug.log
yarn-error.log

# Build output
dist/
build/
coverage/

# Environment variables
.env
.env.local
.env.*.local

# OS files
.DS_Store
Thumbs.db

# IDE files
.idea/
.vscode/
*.sublime-project
*.sublime-workspace

Document Your Repository

Maintain good documentation:

README.md: Project overview, setup instructions, usage examples
CONTRIBUTING.md: Guidelines for contributors
CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md: Community expectations
LICENSE: Legal terms for using your code
CHANGELOG.md: Record of changes for each version

Use Tags for Releases

Mark release points with tags:

git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Version 1.0.0 - Initial stable release"
git push origin --tags

Use semantic versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH) where:

MAJOR: Incompatible API changes
MINOR: New features, backward compatible
PATCH: Bug fixes, backward compatible

Manage Large Files Appropriately

Git isn't designed for large binary files. For these, consider:

Git LFS (Large File Storage) for tracking large files
External artifact repositories for builds
Cloud storage with references in your code

Security Best Practices

Don't Commit Secrets

Never commit sensitive information:

API keys
Passwords
Private tokens
Connection strings
Private certificates

Instead:

Use environment variables
Employ secret management tools
Store examples with placeholders

If secrets are accidentally committed:

Change the compromised credentials immediately
Use tools like BFG or git-filter-branch to remove the secrets
Force push to overwrite the history (with caution)

Sign Your Commits

Consider signing commits to verify your identity:

git config --global user.signingkey YOUR_GPG_KEY_ID
git config --global commit.gpgsign true

Then commits will be signed automatically, or use -S flag:

git commit -S -m "Implement secure login"

Use SSH for Remote Repositories

SSH is more secure than HTTPS for authentication:

git remote add origin git@github.com:username/repository.git

Performance Best Practices

Keep Your Repository Lean

A smaller repository is faster and more manageable:

Don't commit large binary files
Archive old branches
Use shallow clones for CI/CD when possible
Consider git-filter-repo for removing large historical files

Use Git Hooks for Automation

Git hooks can automate tasks and enforce standards:

pre-commit: Run linters and formatters
pre-push: Run tests before pushing
commit-msg: Enforce commit message standards
post-merge: Update dependencies after pulls

Example pre-commit hook:

#!/bin/bash
# .git/hooks/pre-commit

echo "Running linter..."
npm run lint

if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
  echo "Linting failed! Fix the errors before committing."
  exit 1
fi

echo "Running tests..."
npm test

if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
  echo "Tests failed! Fix the failing tests before committing."
  exit 1
fi

exit 0

Use Git Aliases for Common Commands

Create shortcuts for frequently used commands:

git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.st status

Now you can use git co instead of git checkout, etc.

More advanced aliases:

git config --global alias.logline "log --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit"

Collaborative Best Practices

Document Your Workflow

Ensure everyone on the team understands the workflow:

Create a CONTRIBUTING.md file
Document branch naming conventions
Explain the review process
Set expectations for commits and PRs

Communicate About Major Changes

Inform the team before making disruptive changes:

Large refactorings
Changes to core interfaces
New architectural directions
Removal of features

Resolve Conflicts Together

When complex conflicts arise:

Communicate with the developers involved
Consider pair programming for resolution
Document the resolution decisions
Update tests to verify correctness

Provide Meaningful Feedback

When reviewing others' code:

Be constructive and specific
Explain the reasoning behind suggestions
Refer to established best practices
Balance criticism with positive feedback

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Force Pushing to Shared Branches

Force pushing rewrites history and can disrupt others' work:

Never force push to main branches
Use --force-with-lease instead of --force for safety
Communicate before force pushing to shared feature branches

Rewriting Public History

Rewriting history that others have already pulled causes problems:

Only rebase branches that are not shared
Use git revert to undo changes in public branches
Communicate if history must be rewritten

Large Merge Commits

Massive merges are difficult to review and debug:

Merge from main into your branch frequently
Keep feature branches short-lived
Break large changes into smaller, incremental PRs

Committing Broken Code

Commits should represent working states:

Run tests before committing
Use pre-commit hooks to enforce quality
Fix failing tests before pushing

Conclusion

Following these Git best practices will help you and your team work more efficiently, avoid common issues, and maintain a high-quality codebase. While each team's needs may vary slightly, these principles provide a solid foundation for effective Git usage.

Remember that consistency is key, choose practices that work for your team and stick with them. Document your workflows and onboard new team members to ensure everyone follows the same conventions.

In the next section, we'll explore advanced Git techniques that can help you handle more complex scenarios and become a Git power user.