Creating and Managing Repositories

With Git installed and configured, you're ready to start working with repositories. This section covers creating repositories, understanding the basic Git workflow, and making your first commits.

Creating a Git Repository

You can create a Git repository in two ways: initializing a new one or cloning an existing one.

Initializing a New Repository

To create a new Git repository in your project directory:

1. Navigate to your project folder:

cd /path/to/your/project

2. Initialize the repository:

git init

This creates a .git subdirectory that contains all the necessary repository files – the skeleton of your Git repository.

After running this command, you should see output similar to:

Initialized empty Git repository in /path/to/your/project/.git/

Your existing files aren't automatically tracked. To start tracking them, you'll need to add and commit them (covered in the next section).

Cloning an Existing Repository

If you want to get a copy of an existing Git repository, use the git clone command:

git clone https://github.com/username/repository.git

This creates a directory with the repository name, initializes a .git directory inside it, downloads all the repository data, and checks out a working copy of the latest version.

To clone a repository into a directory with a different name:

git clone https://github.com/username/repository.git my-project

Git supports several transfer protocols:

• HTTPS: https://github.com/username/repository.git
• SSH: [email protected]:username/repository.git
• Git protocol: git://github.com/username/repository.git

SSH is commonly used for development as it allows for secure authentication without entering credentials each time.

Repository Structure

After initializing a repository, Git creates a hidden .git directory that contains everything Git needs to track your project:

• config: Repository-specific configuration
• HEAD: Reference to the current branch
• index: Staging area information
• objects/: Database of all your files and commits
• refs/: Pointers to commit objects (branches, tags, etc.)

You generally won't interact with these files directly, but understanding what's happening behind the scenes can help you use Git more effectively.

.gitignore File

Many projects contain files that shouldn't be tracked by Git, such as:

• Build artifacts
• Dependency directories
• Environment files with secrets
• User-specific configuration files
• Log files

You can tell Git to ignore these files by creating a .gitignore file:

touch .gitignore

Edit this file to specify patterns for files you want to ignore:

# Compiled files
*.class
*.o
*.pyc

# Logs
*.log
log/

# Build directories
build/
dist/

# Environment-specific files
.env
.env.local
node_modules/

Git will not track any files matching these patterns. The .gitignore file itself should usually be tracked by Git.

Understanding Repository States

Every file in your working directory can be in one of two states: tracked or untracked.

Tracked files are files that Git knows about. They can be:

• Unmodified: match the last commit
• Modified: changed since the last commit
• Staged: marked to go into your next commit

Untracked files are everything else – any files in your working directory that weren't in your last snapshot and aren't in your staging area.

As you edit files, Git sees them as modified. You then stage these changes and commit the staged changes, and the cycle repeats.

Basic Git Workflow Recap

Here's a quick summary of the basic Git workflow:

1. Modify files in your working directory
2. Stage the changes you want to include in your next commit
3. Commit the staged changes, creating a snapshot in your repository history

Now that you understand how to create repositories, let's move on to tracking changes and making commits in the next section.